Figured out my issue, it is indeed a severely worn inner CV drive shaft bearing.
I never did get the inner CV shaft out of the disconnect. I had a 24" pipe that I was banging on. I believe the issue was because every hit just made the CV rattle around in the bearing, not getting anywhere with the spring clip.
I was otherwise able to get everything else apart though. So I decided to begin troubleshooting with what I had.
I activated 4WD and began man-handling the tripod housing. After rotating it a bit and jiggling it a lot, the disconnect syncro snapped into place.
So as a temporary fix, I decided to just unplug the actuator so the front disconnect would be stuck together. It gives me a service 4WD light, but no biggie for a temporary "fix".
At least I know the root cause of the failure, and I have a temporary solution.
(I beleive the parts that went bad are #2 below.)